Audience theory

Introduction

As seen in a previous factsheet, audience are crucial to the producers of media texts. Without an audience a TV programme, newspaper, magazine or film cannot be successful. Media producers think carefully about identifying their target audience and providing a text which will interest and engage them. However, the mass media is such a major part of people's lives that one of the major debates in media studies is the effect that the media may have on its audience. This issue focuses on the negative effects that may be created by media texts; for example, considering of there might be a link between violent behaviour and representations of violent behaviour and representations of violence in the media.

The aims of this Factsheet are to:
-Identify some theories of the way the media may affect an audience
-Support a critical engagement with the theories



1. Whilst some people do act violently, many do not and in today's culture it is almost impossible to avoid violent representations. This seems to support the view that the media does not directly cause people to act a certain way.



Manhunt

2. Advertisers spend millions of pounds promoting their products. The Marks and Spencer's food adverts have increased the grocery sales for the high street shop and encouraged customers to indulge themselves with the luxury items they  sell.



Not just food, but M&S food'

3. Viewing a documentary can provide access to information that may change the way you feel about an issue. It may even make you want to act differently, eat more healthily, join a political group or simply tell you friends

Telling Stories - The Media's Use of Narrative

The aims of thias Factsheet are to
-introduce and define the way conventional narrative structure is used in media texts
-discuss different uses of the conventional narrative structure
-provide example of media texts to demonstrate how narrative is used and its relationship with other media concepts

All media texts tell stories. the structure of these is called the narrative. The events in a story are called the plot but when narrative is discussed, it's the structure of the story rather than the events themselves that are focussed on. Certain genres of media text often use specific structures to tell their stories.

Conventional Narrative Structure
Conventional narratives follow the same basic pattern in terms of the way they construct a story.

The terms used by Todorov to define the three main parts of a narrative structure (the beginning, middle and end) are:
-Equilibrium - the balanced normawlity of the world of the story
-Disequilibrium - unbalanced world between the problem and the climax (see below)
-New Equilibrium - a return to normality at the end - returning the world to balanced state

The equilibrium and the new equilibrium are not exacly the same. The problems of the disequilibrium will have caused the world of the text to change in some way or the characters have learned lessons as the narrative developed.

This basic three point narrative can be looked at in more detail. This is sometimes called the narrative arc.

The Music Industry

    The aims of this Factsheet are to:
- Investigate how the music industry is structured
- Define the differenes between major and independent music organisations
- Examine the distribution and marketing practices used by music institutions to promote recording artists
- Introduce and apply theoretical concepts to the music industry

The music industry is a global business that generates profit by selling musical recordings in both physical and digital formats to media audiences.
The music industry is a complex and competitive business and record companies and labels are continually devising new ways of attracting audiences to consume their products.

The term music industry refers to all the businesses that are responsible for the creation and the marketing of music. 

The diagram below highlights the various roles undertaken by record labels in the marketing and production of music.

                                                                          Record Labels

Scouting for             Financing                         Packaging &                        Marketing

New Artists            Recordings                       Distribution                          Promotion & Puplicity

Definition

Record Company: Is the company or organisation responsible for all the record labels inside the organisation. Record companies create new labels to reflect the varied genres of artists they represent. The creation of different record labels allows them to target their prokected markets accurately while still controlling the overall running of the business. 

Record Label: Is a company that runs within a bigger organisation. For example, Polydor Records is a large record label created and financed by Universal Music. Although a functioning business in their own right all the profits made by Polydor will ultimately go back into Universal Music.

Evaluation of the preliminary exercise

My conceived original idea was actual a school magazine about a revolt in the school. But I find that was a little bit to crazy, so I have take the story about the completion who will be are the next headmaster. To the first it will be easy to write what happened and number 2, I got no idea what will be happened when I take my first idea. By the competition I got more ideas and I have know what I can writing.

On the school front magazines it is very important that the school emblem stand of the front cover.
just as important are the price label, headline barcode etc. I have take as well as all importents stuffs from real magazines of my school magazines.
I have now more experience about media production. For example I now how I make front magazines and how many times that cost to sales a front magazines cover with content page. For the first time i must think on what i take for a idea. After them i tryed to impliment my idea. I begin with the design until the emblem and price tags. All done i printet the magazine front cover and Content page out.

Questions:
In what ways does your media product use, develop or challenge forms and conventions of a school magazine?



How effective is the front page of your magazine in focusing on the ethos of the school?
My school front cover is not very noticeable. It's looked how a normal school magazine. No conspicuous colours or something other things.

What have you learned from your audience feedback?
I have different target audience. The one half wants have more tach and trach while the other half wants more  political thopics in the magazine.

How did you use new media technologies in the construction and research, planning and evaluation stages?
I have actuel use just power point and copy the stuff after them i was done, in the normal microsoft office word to printed out my magazines front cover.

Front Cover Page, Content Page and Feedback from my target audience

This is my front magazines with contents page about a story where will somebody get the new headmaster and any other information. On the front magazines we see all what is of a normal front magazine. Dates, Button from the school, prize, barcode, headline etc.

I got a focus audience from my school magazines and I’ve asking  what there thought about my first draft:

Connor said that the front cover looks good, but of the contents page they can't see sarah of the little picture with chris.

Chris like the front cover with the shebbear emblem and prize label. But he said that i have write wrong the one sentence: "What did he will promise?"

Sarah said the she thinked it's weird that the background from the front cover is whit and from the Contents page black. 

(I know, the picture is make from me very bad)

Flat Plan

By my new Project i gotta must be make a scratch page, who will help me to create a good Shebbear Magazin. And here is it: 

(I know, my draw skills are very bad)

Analyse 2 School magazines of Print Media Terms

Parent and School. This is the name of the school and we see that as headline of the Magazine cover in Red and have embellished the word Parent. At the foreground we see a teenager who learned and use a telescope. In the background we see a ambiguous 2 woman's who talk. The one woman symbolize the teacher and the other woman should be are the mother. Below the cover we see some information about the school. The words are in different sizes. Of the cover we see below left the label from the school. down right we could can see the release day from this magazine. In the summaries have the magazine cover nothing special. A Picture, a Headline, some Information, embellished words and the label from the school. Very usual for a school magazine.







The King's School. This school magazine has of his front cover a guy who stay askance and look direct in the camera. Behind him is a school building from the King's school. Above the cover stay the Headline from the magazine. Above right we see the label from the school. Of this magazine cover stay the information of the right side. Above the picture the sky it either foggy or makes with Photoshop. But never is the sky so bright.
Above the cover of the left side we see the cover price and below left is the barcode. Of the right side stay some information about the prom 2010. The sentence to the prom are big, short and looks good of the front cover. I think just the sentence below the cover looks very bad because the colour don't convenient of the front cover. So also the button who stay News! and 80p!. In the summaries looks the front cover very cool and have a lot of information. Just the colours I didn't like.

Analyse 2 School Magazines

Parent and School: With the help from the magazin cover we can 

similarly see what for a school it is. To the first we can see the headline where stay: Parent and School. This school advertise that parents more to get in on school as just going of parents teacher conference. I don't really knowed how that function because i can just say what stay of the cover, but i think that the parents here more collaborate how parents from other school. We see also of the cover that the school is very strict in the thinks girls and boy. By this school there have just Boys-only Classes, how we can see below the cover. The school promise that the childrens learn very fast and have many science lessons. Also promise the school that the children have after here graduation a wonderful future. My conclusion: This school is for childrens there will not be happy when this boys or girls go of this school. Why? To severe. No child of this world will have his parent by his school.

The King's School: This school look how a typically boarding school in england. The King's School is a school where you learn, make much sport and learn also to behave yourself. The Magazin have tipps and tricks to help you by exam stress and have finally success. After them write the school magazine that the school has announce the new picture from the last prom. After them explain the school magazins if the disciple must wear or not. Below the magazin we see a little information about the canteen. Maybe offer the canteen doughnuts for everbody. The school magazin you get for just 80p! Above of the right side we see also the emblem from the school. How in the Shebbear college you can deside between you would just going here of this school or also going here of this school and live of the King's School.
My conclusion: The King's School is how a textbook example. Not really specialy. How we knowed from 100 other boarding schools in England.

Semiology

                                          

The aims of this Factsheet are to

- introduce the concept of semiology and show how it can be used to assist with analysis and evaluation of media texts

- define key semiological terminology and provide examples of their use within a media studies context

- identify how semiology can help the analysis of media texts in relation to a range of media concepts

Denotation and Connotation

1. Dennotation is the literal meaning/description of a word/object
  -The ´no naked flame´ sign consists of a red circle with a diagonal bar through it and an image of a lit match

2. Connotations are the associated that are made when interpreting a sign
 - Red is a colour associated with danger
 -The ´no naked flame´ sign is similar in shape to ´no smoking´ signs


An Example Brokeback Mountain Film Poster

This picture denotes the following:

- The background of a blue sky with a large white cloud

- A mountain range and a forest on the horizon across the centre of the image

-The reflections of the mountains and the forest in a lake or river

-Two young men in denim jackets and hats looking downwards and facing away from each other

Ideology

The aims of this Factsheet are to provide:

1. A definition of Ideology with key terms.

2. Methods to help you identify ideology in a media text

3. Examples of how to evaluate ideologies in a media text

The definition about ideology: Ideology is a study of the values and attitudes that arise from the constructuion of the other key concepts in a media text. Ideologies can be coonoted from the use of media language or from a particular representation such as a stereotype, or from the narrative roles and events.

Key Term
Construction: This key term helps us describe the way a media text put together. It tells an examiner that you understand a text has been made in a particular way for a particular way for a particular reason. A newspapaer constructs a headline; a studio constructs a film; a TV channel constructs its listings. Nothing is accidental, all meaning in the media is constructed.

Key Term
Dominant Values or Domtinant Ideology:
ideas and values that hold importance in our culture and which also inform our cultural practices. The importance of the individual, for example, is a dominant value in our society, as is the right to free speech. Dominant values can become so frequent and natural to us that they seem like common sense.

Key Term
Binary oppsites:
a list of ingredients in a media text that can be placed opposite each other to represent opposing value systems. The list can include events from the narrative, themes, or representation in the media language. Common binary opposites good/bad, male/female, human/inhuman

Representation

1.What is Representation?

Representation is when you somenthing audition. How example in the differents Reality Shows. The People say about his feelings, how angry there are. But this is all just a Fake. The People just audition. And this just to support the audience. 

This not a real family - it is a re-presentation of a happy family

Questions we would ask when analysinysing represtations:
-Who or What is being represented?
-How is the representation created?
-Who has created the representation?
-Why is the representation created in that way? What is the intention?

-What is the effect of the representation?

2. The Construction and Mediation of Representations

For example: A news photograph may appeear to be presenting us with a factual image but it has been through a process of construction:

-the photographer has selected his/her position, lens, angle, exposure and framing before taking the picture

-the picture editior will decide if the image needs to be cropped, enhanced or in any way altered before inclusion into the paper

-an edititor will choose which, of the many available photographs of the image, will be the one chosen for inclusion in the newspaper and,importantly at this stage, the images which do not meet the needs of the text will be rejected

The mediation process then starts:

-Will the protograph be large or small?

-Will the photograph be on the front  page or, less visible, on page 8?

Placement choices like this, along with cropping and framing, act to focus the attention of the reader in a certain way.

-What headline and text will be used to accompany the photograph?

-Will the photograph have a caption?

-Will it be positioned close to another photograph?

These features will all reach the reader:

-a large photograph connotes importance as does placing it on the front page of the newspaper,

-text can add either a negative or positive connotation to an image,

-by placing pictures next to each other the audience can be guided into making connections between them.

The selection process in summary:

-The decision over what is chosen to be represented and what is rejected;

-The choices made when organising the representation:

-The options taken to focus the audience in a certain way

Magazines: An Introduction

Magazines: An Introduction

The first magazin released at 1731 be for a long time. Of Course was the magazine for 300 years any other how we knowed the magazins today. Although we have now faster and free option to come at the news there we would have, we buy another  how in the past very many magazines. The National Readership Society recently discovered that over 80% of British consumers of alle ages and both sexes regularly buy magazines. Today we have many different magazin. To thirst we have the mainstream magazines there for big audience and often not very are intressting. And then we have the niche market magazines. These magazines are aimed at a smaller audience whose but really are intressting for the contect there are in the magazin and buy often this magazin market or have even a abo. We have for this different magazin names:

-Consumer Magazines

-Business Magazines

-Customer Orientated Magazines

Consumer Magazines are the most commen magazin. This magazin is for the large dimensions and has not very much content or relief. And very much advertising.

The Business Magazines is spezial of jobs, trades or professions

Customer Orientated Magazines  are specific to make advertising for which the people pay

Magazins Front Cover Analysis

To the thirst i have taket two covers from empire and one magazin cover from the market Forza. After the cover-choice i analysed the different covers and writte across, left, right and below the image some headwords. What for headwords? Of the different covers i write the difinition from the texts and other things. For example over the cover is advertising. So i draw arrow and write advertising. Or below the cover is a barcode. So i also draw a arrow and write barcode.

Form Styl and Convention

Form Styl and Conventions

To organise and structure the languages of media products forms, categories and conventions are used. They allow us to identify the genre, structure and micro elements of a text.

Form:

The form of a media text is its shape and structure and the combination of the ‘micro’ elements

Styl:

The style of a text is the way the text uses the form.

 Conventions:

Conventions are usually described as the ‘ingredients’ of a particular form or genre.

Task:

What conventions do the following media texts follow?

Game shows

Soaps

Sitcoms

Reality TV shows

What category, or genre, of text is it? How can you identify this?

This magazin tell about movies and speak something about what happenden behind the scin.

What can we learn from this text from its opening minutes or front cover?

Not so much. Of the cover is just a information that the joker very dangerous is and many people with a knife killed.

What codes and conventions does it follow or disobey?

This magazin is not how the other magazins standart. The Picture and the differents colours makes the cover very spezial.

What categories and conventions do we need to consider and use when making our own media text?

I think this magazin get very much attention, because the cover has so many differents colour and crazy images. How in advertising its all colourfull and crazy. And so it is also of this cover.

Media Langue

Media language refers to the langueages used by audio-visual, print and ICT-based media to produce meaning. This language can be written, verbal, nonverbal, aural and aesthetic communication (or a combination of these

Television Drama:

A phone conversation between two characters in different locations can only be understood by the audience because of the relationship between the camera angles, non-verbal performance (facial expressions & body language), lighting, editing, sound.These are unobtrusive because we don’t think about them; they are conventional

What is the text called and what associations do we have with this title/name?

With the world Empire would the magazine say that there have a lot of power. Moreover there could be sayed that there have be created something biggest

What is the text about? What does the text ‘say’?

On the Page we see the Joker, from the Movie Batman The Dark Night, how he smilling in the camera. This is the magazine Empire there writting about new Movies how Batman The Dark Night. Of Course is this magazine very old just as the Movie.

How does it ‘say’ it?

Empire would be catch the Hardcor Movie Fans there be intresting for that happend behind the set also how something about the movie: act, sound, how good are the cuts etc

What are its languages (print, moving images, sounds) and style? How do they create meaning?

The Worlds of the cover are very coroful. Green red, pink. Of the right side we see a green button where stay some infos about the movie. Across the Joker we see the sign from Batman.

How are these languages put together, or constructed, to make this text?
What languages do we need to consider and use when making our own media text?

On the cover we see not so much writting about the cover, but we see just this one message: He´s cold-bloded,Mess Murder Cown. With pink knotted and a handwriting where you think thats making a 8 years old boy. Really funny but also scary.

—

Print:
Prelimiminary exercise: using DT Pand an image manupulation program, produce the front of a new school/college nagazine featuring a photograph of a student in medium chose- up plus some appropriately laid-out text and a masthead. Additionally candilates must produce DTP mock-up of the layout of the contents page to demonstrate their grasp of the prgram.

Main tast:
The front page, contents and double page spread of a new music magazine (if done ago group task, each nember of the group to produce an individual edition of the magazine, following the same house style.) Maximun fowr member to a group.

All images and text used must be original produce by the candidate (s), minimun of Four image per candidate

Why so serious?